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 The table below summarizes processing fees, entry fees, Bank Guarantees, Minimum Paid Up Capital, networth requirements  etc.for UL:  The table below summarizes processing fees, entry fees, Bank Guarantees, Minimum Paid Up Capital, networth requirements  etc.for UL: 
  
-**Table: Details of Minimum required Equity, Minimum Net Worth, Entry Fee, PBG, FBG, and Application Processing Fee for various service authorizations** ((Annexure I, DoT Guidelines on UL 20-281/2010-AS-I (Vol VI) ))+**Table: Unified Licence: Details of Minimum required Equity, Minimum Net Worth, Entry Fee, PBG, FBG, and Application Processing Fee for various service authorizations** ((Annexure I, DoT Guidelines on UL 20-281/2010-AS-I (Vol VI) ))
  
-^Sl No. ^Service ^Minimum Equity (Rs. Cr.)^Minimum Net Worth(Rs. Cr.)^ Entry Fee(Rs. Cr.)^PBG (Rs. Cr.)^ FBG (Rs. Cr.)^ Application Processing Fee (Rs. Cr.)^ +^Sl No. ^Service ^Minimum Equity in INR(USD)^Minimum Net Worthin INR(USD)^ Entry Feein INR(USD)^PBG in INR(USD)^ FBG in INR(USD)^ Application Processing Fee in INR(USD)^ 
-|1| UL(All services)|25.000|25.000|15.000|220.000|44.000|0.010|+|1| UL(All services)|2,50,000k(USD 33,31,092)|1,50,000k (USD 33,31,092)|1,50,000k(USD 19,98,655)|4,40,000k(USD 58,62,722)|88,000k (USD 11,72,544)|100k (USD 1,332)|
 |Service Authorisation-wise Requirements|||||||| |Service Authorisation-wise Requirements||||||||
-|1|Access Service (Telecom Circle /Metro Area)|2.500|2.500|1.000 (0.5 for NE & J&K)|10.000|2.000|0.005| +|1|Access Service (Telecom Circle /Metro Area)|25,000k (USD 3,33,109) |25,000k (USD 3,33,109) |10,000 k(USD 1,33,244)(5,000 for NE & J&K)|20,000k (USD 2,66,487)|4,000k (USD 53,297)|50k (USD 666)| 
-|2|NLD (National Area)|2.500|2.500|2.500|2.500|5.000|0.005| +|2|NLD (National Area)|25,000k (USD 3,33,109) |25,000k (USD 3,33,109)|25,000k (USD 3,33,109)|5,000k (USD 66,622)|10,000k (USD 1,33,244) |50k (USD 666)| 
-|3|ILD (National Area)|2.500|2.500|2.500|2.500|5.000|0.005| +|3|ILD (National Area)|25,000k (USD 3,33,109) |25,000k (USD 3,33,109)|25,000k (USD 3,33,109)|5,000k (USD 66,622)|10,000k (USD 1,33,244) |50k (USD 666)| 
-|4|VSAT (National Area)|Nil|Nil|0.300|0.500|0.300|0.005| +|4|VSAT (National Area)|Nil |Nil|3,000k (USD 39,973)|1,000k (USD 13,324) |600k (USD 7,995) 50k (USD 666)| 
-|5|PMRTS (Telecom circle/Metro Area)|Nil|Nil|0.005|0.010|0.010|0.0015| +|5|PMRTS (Telecom circle/Metro Area)|Nil|Nil|50k (USD 666) |20k (USD 266) |20k (USD 266) |15k (USD 200)| 
-|6|GMPCS (National Area)|2.500|2.500|1.000|2.500|1.000|0.005| +|6|GMPCS (National Area)|25,000k (USD 3,33,109)|25,000k (USD 3,33,109) |10,000k (USD 1,33,244) |5,000k (USD 66,622)|2,000k (USD 26,649) |50k (USD 666)| 
-|7|INSAT MSS-R (National Area) |Nil|Nil|0.300|0.020|0.020|0.005| +|7|INSAT MSS-R (National Area) |Nil|Nil|3,000k (USD 39,973)|40k (USD 533) |40k (USD 533) |50k (USD 666)| 
-|8| ISP-A (National Area)| Nil|Nil|0.300|2.000|0.100|0.005| +|8| ISP-A (National Area)|Nil |Nil |3,000k (USD 39,973) |4,000k (USD 53,297) |200k (USD 2,665) |50k (USD 666)| 
-|9|ISP "B" (Telecom circle/Metro Area)|Nil|Nil|0.020|0.100|0.010|0.0015| +|9|ISP "B" (Telecom circle/Metro Area)|Nil |Nil |200k (USD 2,665) |200k (USD 2,665) |20k (USD 266) |15k (USD 200)| 
-|10|ISP "C" (SSA)|Nil|Nil|0.002|0.005|0.001|0.001| +|10|ISP "C" (SSA)|Nil |Nil| 20k (USD 266) |10k (USD 133) |2k (USD 27) |10k (USD 133)| 
-|11|Resale IPLC(National Area)|2.500|2.500|1.000|2.000|1.000|0.005|+|11|Resale IPLC(National Area)|25,000k (USD 3,33,109) |25,000k (USD 3,33,109) |10,000k (USD 1,33,244) |20,000k (USD 2,66,487) |10,000k (USD 1,33,244) |50k (USD 666)|
  
 The table below summarizes processing fees, entry fees, Bank Guarantees, Minimum Paid Up Capital, networth requirements  etc.for UL-VNO: The table below summarizes processing fees, entry fees, Bank Guarantees, Minimum Paid Up Capital, networth requirements  etc.for UL-VNO:
  
-**Table: Details of Minimum required Equity, Minimum Net Worth, Entry Fee, and Application Processing Fee for various service authorizations**+**Table: Unified Licence (VNO) : Details of Minimum required Equity, Minimum Net Worth, Entry Fee, and Application Processing Fee for various service authorizations**
  
-^Sl. No.^Service Authorization(s) (VNO)^Minimum Equity (Rs. Cr.)^Minimum Net Worth (Rs. Cr.)^Entry Fee (Rs. Cr.)^Application Processing Fee (Rs. Cr.)^FBG^ +^Sl. No.^Service Authorization(s)(VNO)^Minimum Equity in INR(USD)^ Minimum Net Worth in INR(USD) ^Entry Fee in INR(USD)^ FBG in INR(USD)^ Application Processing Fee in INR(USD)^ 
-|1|UL (VNO- All Services)|10.0|10.0|7.5|0.01|22.0| +|1|UL (VNO- All Services)|1,00,000k (USD 13,32,437)| 1,00,000k (USD 13,32,437)| 75,000k (USD 9,99,328)| 44,000k (USD 5,86,272)| 100k (USD 1,332)| 
-|2|Access Service (Telecom Circle/ Metro Area)|1.0|1.0|0.5 (0.25 for NE & J&K)|0.005|1.0| +|2|Access Service (Telecom Circle/ Metro Area)|10,000k (USD 1,33,244) |10,000k (USD 1,33,244) |5000k (USD 66,622), 2500k (USD 33,311) for NE & J&K) | 2,000k (USD 26,649)| 50k (USD 666| 
-|3|NLD (National Area)|1.0|1.0|1.25|0.005|2.5| +|3|NLD (National Area)|10,000k (USD 1,33,244)| 10,000k (USD 1,33,244)| 12,500k (USD 1,66,555)| 5,000k (USD 66,622)| 50k (USD 666)| 
-|4|ILD (National Area)|1.0|1.0|1.25|0.005|2.5| +|4|ILD (National Area)|10,000k (USD 1,33,244)| 10,000k (USD 1,33,244)| 12,500k (USD 1,66,555)| 5,000k (USD 66,622)| 50k (USD 666)| 
-|5|VSAT (National Area)|Nil|Nil|0.15|0.005|0.15| +|5|VSAT (National Area)|Nil |Nil |1,500k (USD 19,987)| 300k (USD 3,997)| 50k (USD 666)| 
-|6|PMRTS (Telecom Circle / Metro)|Nil|Nil|0.0035|0.0015|0.005| +|6|PMRTS (Telecom Circle / Metro)|Nil |Nil |25k (USD 333) |10k (USD 133)| 15k (USD 200)| 
-|7|GMPCS (National Area)|1.0|1.0|0.5|0.005|0.5| +|7|GMPCS (National Area)|Nil |Nil |25k (USD 333) |10k (USD 133)| 15k (USD 200)| 
-|8|INSAT MSS-R (National Area)|Nil|Nil|0.15|0.005|0.01 +|8|INSAT MSS-R (National Area)|Nil|Nil |1,500k (USD 19,987)| 20k (USD 266)| 50k (USD 666)| 
-|9|ISP “A” (National Area)|Nil|Nil|0.15|0.005|0.05| +|9|ISP “A” (National Area)|Nil| Nil |1,500k (USD 19,987)| 100k (USD 1,332)| 50k (USD 666)| 
-|10|ISP “B” (Telecom Circle/ Metro Area) |Nil|Nil|0.010|0.0015|0.005| +|10|ISP “B” (Telecom Circle/ Metro Area) |Nil | Nil |100k (USD 1,332)| 10k (USD 133)| 15k (USD 200)| 
-|11|ISP “C” (SSA)|Nil|Nil|0.001|0.001|0.0005| +|11|ISP “C” (SSA)|Nil | Nil | 10k (USD 133)| 1k (USD 13)| 10k (USD 133)| 
-|12|Resale of IPLC (National Area)|1.25|1.25|0.5|0.005|0.5| +|12|Resale of IPLC (National Area)|12,500k (USD 1,66,555)| 12,500k (USD 1,66,555)| 5,000k (USD 66,622)| 1,000k (USD 13,324)| 50k (USD 666)| 
-|13|Access Services Category B (Districts)|-|0.05|0.0165|0.001|0.01|+|13|Access Services Category B (Districts)|-|500k (USD 6,662)| 165k (USD 2,199)| 20k (USD 266)| 10k (USD 133)|
  
  
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-==== Technical and Administrative Requirements ====+====Technical and Administrative Requirements====
  
-=== Licensed ===+National Digital Communication Policy (NDCP) 2018 recognizes spectrum as a key natural resource for public benefit to achieve India’s socio economic goals; it strives to ensure transparency in allocation and optimise availability and utilisation of spectrum. ((See Section 1.2 on p.16 of 24 in   [[https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/2018_10_29%20NDCP%202018_0.pdf | NDCP 2018]] )) Accordingly, a [[https://dot.gov.in/whatsnew/national-frequency-allocation-plan-2018| National Frequency Action Plan (NFAP) 2018 ]] has been formulated which aims to provide a roadmap for the availability and allocation of wireless spectrum to facilitate the development and deployment of next generation wireless services in the country. ((Reproduced from Foreword, [[ https://dot.gov.in/whatsnew/national-frequency-allocation-plan-2018 | NFAP 2018]] ))
  
-== Access Networks ==+Providing a broad regulatory framework, NFAP 2018 identifies which frequency bands are available for different radiocommunication services including cellular mobile service, Wi-fi, sound and television broadcasting, radionavigation for aircrafts and ships, defence and security communications, disaster relief and emergency communications, satellite communications and satellite-broadcasting, and amateur service. ((See Section 1.1, [[ https://dot.gov.in/whatsnew/national-frequency-allocation-plan-2018 | NFAP 2018]] )) Simply put, allocation of radio-frequency spectrum to different radiocommunication services is the central theme of NFAP 2018. ((See Section 1.2, [[ https://dot.gov.in/whatsnew/national-frequency-allocation-plan-2018 | NFAP 2018]] )) Notably, NFAP-18 doesn’t attempt to list the various applications (uses) of the individual radiocommunication services that are currently authorised or may be authorised in future in India, thus providing a stable yet flexible regulatory framework. (( Reproduced from Section 1.5,  [[ https://dot.gov.in/whatsnew/national-frequency-allocation-plan-2018 | NFAP 2018]] ))
  
-^ **Operator**  ^ **800MHz**  ^ **900MHz**  ^ **1800MHz**  ^ **2100MHz**  ^ **2600MHz**  ^ **3500MHz** ^  +<callout type="tip" icon="true"> 
-| XYZcom        | None        |  2x10       |  2x15        |  2x10        |  None        |  None       |+The latest frequency allocation table of India can be found in National Frequency Allocation Table (NFAP) 2018. Follow [[https://dot.gov.in/whatsnew/national-frequency-allocation-plan-2018 | link]]. 
 +</callout>
  
-== PtP Networks == 
  
-=== License-Exempt ===+===Licensed===
  
-== Access Networks == +The year 2010 represented a watershed in spectrum management policies in India. (( [[https://icrier.org/pdf/Evaluating_Spectrum_Auctions_in_India.pdf | ICRIER, Evaluating Spectrum Auctions in India ]])) Pre-2010, spectrum was administratively allocated and was linked  to granting of license by DoT. ((https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=45ac7f16-f40c-42ea-b3df-dfe6e357e2c0 )) The first auction for spectrum was held in the year 2010: spectrum in the 2100 MHz band (3G) and 2300 MHz (BWA) was assigned through an online auction. Subsequently, in its February 2012 judgement, Supreme Court (SC) of India quashed spectrum allocation done based on advertisement released in 2008, and ruled that all natural resources , including spectrum should be granted through a market- related process only, such as auction. (( https://indiankanoon.org/doc/70191862/ )) As contemplated in National Telecom Policy (NTP) , 2012 the UL regime delinked spectrum from license. ((See para 3.5 in Section (IV) on p. 12 of 20 in [[http://www.dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/NTP-06.06.2012-final.pdf | NTP 2012 ]] )). 
-^ **Frequency**      ^ **Power Limit**  ^ **Transmit Power**  ^ +
-| //2.4GHz//         |                 || +
-| 2400 – 2483.5 MHz  | ''2.4EIRP''     || +
-| //5GHz//           |             || +
-| 5150-5250 MHz      | ''5.1EIRP''     || +
-| 5250-5350 MHz      | ''5.2EIRP''     || +
-| 5470-5725 MHz      | ''5.4EIRP''     || +
-| 5725-5800 MHz      | ''5.8EIRP''     ||+
  
-== PtP Networks ==+From 2012 to 2016, DoT conducted multiple rounds of spectrum auctions through Simultaneous Multiple Round Ascending (SMRA) method. The outcome of each round is summarised in below table:
  
-^ **Frequency**      ^ **Power Limit**  ^ **Transmit Power**  ^ +**Table: Outcome of Spectrum Auctions from 2010- 16** ((Adapted from [[https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/auction_analysis.pdf | A Short Analysis of Spectrum Auction in India]] ))
-| //2.4GHz//         |                 || +
-| 2400 – 2483.5 MHz  | ''2.4EIRP''     || +
-| //5GHz//           |             || +
-| 5150-5250 MHz      | ''5.1EIRP''     || +
-| 5250-5350 MHz      | ''5.2EIRP''     || +
-| 5470-5725 MHz      | ''5.4EIRP''     || +
-| 5725-5800 MHz      | ''5.8EIRP''     ||+
  
 +^Sl.No^Year of auction ^Bands auctioned^Total Spectrum Sold(MHz)^Percentage of Spectrum Sold^ Outcome^
 +|1| 2010| 2100 MHz (3G), 2300 MHz|465, 1320|100, 100|Both bands were completely sold.|
 +|2| 2012| 1800 MHz and 800 MHz|127.5|32.69| Only 1800 MHz was (partially)sold.|
 +|3| 2013| 800 MHz,900 MHz and 1800 MHz|30|15.38| Only 800 MHz was (partially)sold.|
 +|4| 2014| 900 MHz and 1800 MHz|353.2|81.91| Both bands were (moderately)sold.|
 +|5| 2015| 800 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz and 2100 MHz|418.25|88.85|All bands were (moderately) sold.|
 +|6| 2016|700 MHz,800 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2100 MHz, 2300 MHz, and 2500 MHz|964.8|40.97| All bands, except 700 MHz and 900 MHz, were (partially)sold.|
  
-=== Secondary Use === +<callout type="tip" icon="true"> 
 + Spectrum Holding of TSPs  as on 25.02.21 can be found [[https://dot.gov.in/spectrummanagement/spectrum-holding-tsps-25-february-2021 | here. ]]  
 +Spectrum holding data sheet in this [[https://onlytech.com/india-telecom-spectrum-chart/ |article]] represents the current spectrum holdings across all 22 telecom circles along with their liberalisation status and expiry dates.  
 +</callout>
  
-== Access Networks == 
-== PtP Networks == 
  
-==== Spectrum Fees / Costs ==== 
  
-=== Application === +===License Exempt===
-=== Annual === +
-=== Auction ===+
  
-===== Backhaul ===== +While Section 3 of the Wireless Telegraphy Act prohibits possession of wireless telegraph apparatus unless a license has been issued in that regard, Section 4 of the said Act also provides Central Government the power to exempt persons from certain provisions of this act. 
 + 
 +As discussed earlier, NFAP provides a broad regulatory framework and identifies which frequency bands are available for different radiocommunication services. NFAP 2018, which is the most recent NFAP of India, provides for certain license exempt bands as well which have been approved by the Central Government through various rules and notifications. 
 + 
 +<callout type="tip" icon="true"> 
 +The complete list of wireless equipments exempted from licensing can be found in Annex of [[https://dot.gov.in/whatsnew/national-frequency-allocation-plan-2018 | NFAP 2018]] 
 +</callout> 
 + 
 +Different telecom policies brought out by the government have also stressed on the need for expanding share of license-exempt bands. Broadband Policy 2004, in order to accelerate growth of broadband and internet initiated the process of delicensing 2.40-2.48 GHz, 2.40- 2.4835 GHz, 5.15-5.35 GHz, 5.25-5.35 GHz, 5.15-5.25 GHz. It also talked about exploring and identifying alternative spectrum bands which are not in high usage and could be deployed for Broadband Services. ((Section (3.1)(e), [[https://dot.gov.in/broadband-policy-2004 | Broadband Policy, 2004]] )) 
 + 
 +NTP 2012 lists //de-licensing additional frequency bands for public use// as one of the objectives. ((para 22 in Section III of [[https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/NTP-06.06.2012-final.pdf | NTP 2012]] )) NDCP 2018 recognizes spectrum as a key natural resource for public benefit and lists //enabling light touch licensing/ de-licensing of spectrum for broadband proliferations// as a strategy. (( See (b)(vii) of Section (1.2), [[https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/Final%20NDCP-2018.pdf?download=1 | NDCP, 2018]])) 
 + 
 +**Table: Wireless Equipments exempted from Licensing** 
 +^S.No^Frequency Range(MHz)^Title of the Rule^GSR No^ 
 +|1|Use of Low Power Equipment in the frequency band 2.4 GHz to 2.4835 GHz (Exemption from Licensing Requirement) Rules, 2005|Use of Low Power Equipment in the frequency band 2.4 GHz to 2.4835 GHz (Exemption from Licensing Requirement) Rules, 2005| 
 +|2|5150 - 5250 MHz, 5250 - 5350 MHz, 5470-5725 MHz, 5725 - 5875 MHz|Use of Wireless Access Systems (WAS) including Radio Local Area Network (RLAN) in 5GHz (Exemption from Licensing Requirement) Rules, 2018|GSR No. 1048(E) dated 18- Oct.2018 and subsequent amendments, if any.| 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 +===Secondary=== 
 + 
 +Amongst the telecom policies brought out by the Central Government, only NTP 2012 explicitly mentions White Spaces in management of spectrum. One of the strategies listed in NTP 2012 is //to promote use of white spaces with low power devices, without causing harmful interference to the licensed applications in specific frequency bands by deployment of Software Defined Radios (SDRs), Cognitive Radios (CRs), etc. // (( See 4.9 in Section (IV) , [[https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/2015_12_28%20Online-TA-I_0.pdf | NTP 2012]] )) 
 + 
 +<callout type="default" icon="true"> 
 + “It is observed that unlike developed countries, a major portion of the TV band spectrum is unutilized in India. The results show that even while using conservative parameters, in at least 56.27% areas in the country, all the 15 channels (100% of the TV band spectrum) are free!” ((  Naik, G., Singhal, S., Kumar, A., & Karandikar, A. (2014, February). Quantitative assessment of TV white space in India. In 2014 Twentieth National Conference on Communications (NCC) (pp. 1-6). IEEE. )) 
 +</callout> 
 +It is often argued that unused bands in TV UHF (TV White Spaces) can help to boost broadband connectivity in rural and remote areas, if deployed effectively. (( Viveka Bhandari (2018), [[https://www.investindia.gov.in/team-india-blogs/white-space-spectrum-india-untapped-opportunity-rural-connectivity | White Space Spectrum in India: An Untapped Opportunity for Rural Connectivity ]] )) TVWS offers unique advantages such as non- line of sight propagation and ease of deployment (( Khaturia, M., Belur, S. B., & Karandikar, A. TV White Space Solution for Affordable Internet in India. //the book TV White Space Communications and Networks.// )) TVWS spectrum can be used for rural connectivity in multiple ways: as an affordable backhaul option to connect Wi-Fi clusters eventually terminating into urban-sub-urban or village gram panchayat NOFN nodes; as an alternative to optical fibre in the regions with difficult terrain; or as backhaul to unlicensed Wi-Fi operations in villages or panchayats. (( Viveka Bhandari (2018), [[https://www.investindia.gov.in/team-india-blogs/white-space-spectrum-india-untapped-opportunity-rural-connectivity | White Space Spectrum in India: An Untapped Opportunity for Rural Connectivity ]] )) (( https://www.ee.iitb.ac.in/tvws/index.html )) 
 + 
 +However, despite the advantages which TVWS offers, it hasn’t seen any widespread deployment yet. This is partially because of the lack of regulation surrounding usage of TVWS in India. India lies in Region 3 of International Telecommunication Union’s (ITU) Radio Regulations. According to this regulation fixed, mobile, and broadcasting services in TV UHF Band (470- 585 MHz) are permitted in India. (( [[https://dot.gov.in/whatsnew/national-frequency-allocation-plan-2018| National Frequency Action Plan (NFAP) 2018 ]] )) As per Remark IND 16 in NFAP 2018, “part of the band 470-698 MHz would be made available for International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) once the current and future usage of the band 470-698 MHz by the broadcasting service is finalized.” 
 +The Government has also assigned this spectrum band in some cases, but it is solely for the purpose of carrying out experiments in TVWS technology. For example, eight licenses were issued by DoT in March 2016 to ERNET (an autonomous body under the Telecom Ministry), power equipment maker BHEL, IIT Bombay, IIT Delhi, IIT Hyderabad, IIIT Bangalore, Tata Advanced Systems and Amrawati District Administration for the purpose of carrying out experiments in TVWS technology.  (( Viveka Bhandari (2018), [[https://www.investindia.gov.in/team-india-blogs/white-space-spectrum-india-untapped-opportunity-rural-connectivity | White Space Spectrum in India: An Untapped Opportunity for Rural Connectivity ]] )) However, on the question of allocating 470-582 MHz spectrum band for commercial deployment of TVWS technology,  DoT is of the view that this spectrum band will not be de-licensed and will be rather auctioned when the ecosystem is developed for this band. (( Varun Aggarwal (2018), [[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/dot-says-no-to-releasing-tv-white-space-spectrum-clarifies-it-is-for-experiments/article8737575.ece | DoT says no to releasing TV White Space spectrum, clarifies it is for experiments ]] )) 
 + 
 +<callout type="tip" icon="true"> 
 + 
 +Some of the projects in India are using TVWS to provide rural broadband connectivity. 
 +  * After being granted an experimental license to conduct experiments in the TV UHF band, the TV White Space group, IIT Bombay was the first in India to set up a pilot test-bed using TVWS technology for rural broadband access. ((http://grammarg.in/#!/technology ))  To scale this up, ‘Gram Marg’ , a rural broadband initiative was started by the Department of Electrical Engineering which uses a combination of TVWS and wireless solutions including those in 5.8 GHz point to point WiFi. ((https://rnd.iitb.ac.in/research-glimpse/broadband-connectivity-rural-and-under-served-regions-using-tv-white-space-band )). To know more about Gram Marg initiative, see [[ http://grammarg.in/ | this ]].  
 +  * In 2015, Microsoft conducted pilots in Harisal village in Maharashtra, Srikakulam in Andhra Pradesh, and Varanasi under its White-Fi initiative which uses TVWS. However, in 2017 Microsoft had to put this project on hold as it was not granted  the license to continue operating the pilot project in Harisal. (( Viveka Bhandari (2018), [[https://www.investindia.gov.in/team-india-blogs/white-space-spectrum-india-untapped-opportunity-rural-connectivity | White Space Spectrum in India: An Untapped Opportunity for Rural Connectivity ]] ))   
 + 
 +</callout> 
 +====Spectrum Applications, Fees, Costs, etc. ==== 
 + 
 +Central Government prescribes the spectrum usage charges for Telecom Service Providers having License/ Authorization to provide Access Services in exercise of the powers conferred under Section 4 of the Indian Telegraph Act 1885. 
 +In the present scenario, companies pay spectrum usage charges (SUC) somewhere in between 3-5 percent of Adjusted Gross Revenue. (( [[ https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/trai-issues-spectrum-usage-charges-sop/cid/1789412 | Trai issues spectrum usage charges sop]] )) In the case where an operator shares spectrum with another operator, they have to pay an additional 0.5 per cent of AGR for that band as SUC. (( [[ https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/trai-issues-spectrum-usage-charges-sop/cid/1789412 | Trai issues spectrum usage charges sop]] )) 
 + 
 +<callout type="tip" icon="true"> Links for different type of applications for wireless spectrum: 
 +  * [[https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/wpclicence4.pdf| Application for a licence to possess Wireless Receiving and or Transmitting Apparatus in India]] 
 +  * [[https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/Generallicence.pdf | Application Form to Operate Wireless Link/ Network under Indian Telegraph Act 1885]] 
 +  * [[https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/Experimental.pdf | Application for an Experimental Wireless License]] 
 +  * [[https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/Radiopaging.pdf | Application for License to establish, maintain, and work Radio Paging Systems]] 
 +  * [[https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/short%20range%20Uhf.pdf | Application Form for Licence to Establish, Maintain And Operate Wireless Telegraph Stations In India For Short Range Uhf Handheld Radios]] 
 +  * [[https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/Demonstration_0.pdf | Application Form for a licence to Demonstrate a Wireless Transmitter or a Receiver set]]   
 +</callout> 
 + 
 +=====Backhaul===== 
 + 
 +‘Bharat Net’ project, earlier known as National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN), is a flagship project of Government of India which aims to connect 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats  of India through optical fibre network. Viewed as the first pillar of ‘Digital India’ Programme (( [[https://dot.gov.in/telecom-glance | DoT, Telecom at a Glance ]] )) BharatNet project aims to provide connectivity for ‘middle-mile’ : laying of incremental fibre from Block HQs to Gram Panchayats to fill the connectivity gap. 
 + 
 + 
 +<callout type="default" icon="true"> 
 + 
 +The Bharat Net fibre can be utilized by service providers in two ways: (( Reproduced from http://www.bbnl.nic.in/index1.aspx?lsid=725&lev=2&lid=577&langid=1 )) 
 + 
 +  - **Bandwidth Utilization**: Any service provider/ government agency that intends to provide its services at Gram Panchayat level may connect to BharatNet at block optical line termination (OLT) location from where its traffic is carried to Gram Panchayat (GP) level on BharatNet. At the GP, the service provider has to extend its services to the end-customers using its own last mile. 
 +  - ** Dark Fibre Utilization **: Service providers may also utilize the dark fiber on the new cable laid by BBNL between block and GPs, called incremental cable, for extending its services to GPs. The dark fiber is available from Fiber Point of Interconnect (with the existing fiber) to the GPs.  
 +</callout> 
 + 
 +<callout type="tip" icon="true"> **Important Resources for Service Providers who plan to utilize NOFN/ BharatNet** 
 +  * The tariff for Bharat Net bandwidth and dark fibre can be found [[http://bbnl.nic.in/index1.aspx?lsid=673&lev=2&lid=538&langid=1 | here]]. 
 +  * The detailed procedure for Bharat Net connectivity can be found [[http://bbnl.nic.in/index1.aspx?lsid=718&lev=2&lid=572&langid=1| here]]: Requirements,   * [[http://www.bbnl.nic.in//admnis/admin/showimg.aspx?ID=1411| Application Form for Bandwidth on Bharat Net ]], [[http://www.bbnl.nic.in//admnis/admin/showimg.aspx?ID=1009 | Application form for taking on Lease Dark Fibre on Incremental Cable of Bharatnet]], Payment Procedure, etc.  
 +  * [[ http://www.bbnl.nic.in/showurl.aspx?lsid=722&lev=2&lid=576&langid=1 | Block-wise Line Diagram for Bharat Net and BBNL Dark Fibre]], [[ http://bbnl.nic.in/index1.aspx?lsid=652&lev=2&lid=526&langid=1 | Lat-Long of GPs, FPOIs and OLTs for GPs under BharatNet Phase-I ]] 
 +</callout> 
 + 
 +The Government of India, from time to time, has come up with various policies and regulations to strengthen and improve access to backhaul.  
 + 
 +NDCP 2018 emphasizes on enhancing the backhaul capacity to support the development of next generation networks like 5G. (( See (d)(ii) in Section 2.2 , p.20 of 24 [[https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/Final%20NDCP-2018.pdf?download=1 | NDCP 2018 ]] )) Specifically, NDCP 2018 mentions promotion of effective utilisation of high capacity backhaul E-band 71-76/ 81-86 GHz) and V-band (57-64 MHz) spectrum, and rationalization of annual royalty charges for microwave links for backhaul connectivity  as some of the strategies to improve backhaul connectivity. ((See (d)(iii), Section 1.2 , p.17 of 24 [[https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/Final%20NDCP-2018.pdf?download=1 | NDCP 2018 ]] ((Section 1.2 (d)(iv) , p.17 of 24 [[https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/Final%20NDCP-2018.pdf?download=1 | NDCP 2018 ]] )) With the aim to establish a National Digital Grid, NDCP 2018 mentions facilitating development of Open Access Next Generation Network as a sub-strategy. ((Section 1.1 (c)(iv) , p.16 of 24 [[https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/Final%20NDCP-2018.pdf?download=1 | NDCP 2018 ]] )  
 + 
 +In order to facilitate sharing of telecom infrastructure, DoT issued a notification in February 2016 which permits sharing of active infrastructure amongst service providers based on mutual agreements. (( [[https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/Telecom%20at%20a%20Glance-2019.pdf?download=1 | DoT, Telecom at a Glance ]] )) In the said notification, active sharing was limited to antenna, feeder cable, Node B, Radio Access network (RAN) and transmission systems. ((Section 33.2, Amended vide DOT’s letter no 20-443/2014-AS-I Pt dated 11.02.2016 [[https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/2016_03_30%20UL-AS-I.pdf?download=1| UL version dated 29.03.2016 ]] )) However, DoT through a notification dated 06.04.2021 widened the scope of active infrastructure sharing further to give a boost to Public Wi-Fi services and drive broadband penetration (( https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/telecom-news/dot-widens-scope-of-active-infra-sharing-to-boost-broadband-penetration/articleshow/81935288.cms?from=mdr )) : //Sharing of infrastructure related to Wi-Fi equipment such as Wi-Fi router, Access point etc. allowed. Sharing of backhaul also permitted.// (( [[ https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/Infrastructure%20sharing-UL-06042021.pdf?download=1 | Amendment in Unified License relating to infrastructure sharing and Public Wi-Fi services ]] )) 
 + 
 +With regard to internet exchange points (IXPs), the following table provides the list of IXPs operating in India. 
 + 
 +** Table: Internet Exchange Points in India** (( Adapted from https://innog.net/resources/ixps/)) 
 + 
 +^ Name of IXP^ Website ^ Locations^                                                                      
 +|NIXI| http://nixi.in| Noida, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad and Guwahati| 
 +|Mumbai IX|https://www.mumbai-ix.net| Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata|                                           
 +|Extreme IX|https://extreme-ix.org| Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Chennai and Kolkata| 
 +|AMS-IX India| https://www.ams-ix.net /in| Mumbai|                                                                         
 +|IIFON| http://iifon.org| Kolkata|                                                                      
 +|BharatIX| https://www.bharatix.net| Mumbai|                                                                   
 + 
 +Of the IXPs listed above,  National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI) was set up by the government. It  was set up in 2003 //for peering of ISPs among themselves for the purpose of routing the domestic traffic within the country, instead of taking it all the way to US/Abroad, thereby resulting in better quality of service (reduced latency) and reduced bandwidth charges for ISPs by saving on International Bandwidth.// ((Reproduced from https://www.nixi.in/en/about-us ))
  
  
 ===== Gender ===== ===== Gender =====
 +India has a stark gender divide when it comes to accessing the internet. According to [[ https://images.assettype.com/afaqs/2021-06/b9a3220f-ae2f-43db-a0b4-36a372b243c4/KANTAR_ICUBE_2020_Report_C1.pdf | Kantar ICUBE 2020 Report on Internet Adoption in India]] , there are overall 622 million active internet users (AIU) in India. Out of which 58 per cent are male and remaining 42 per cent are females. The divide is almost the same in rural and urban India: In rural India, the ratio between male to female internet users is 57:43, whereas for urban areas this ratio is 58:42. 
 +
 +Some of the policies brought out by the Government have tried to address this issue of digital gender divide. The National Digital Communication Policy (NDCP) 2018 lists down a ‘Connect India’ strategy which provides for inclusion of uncovered areas and digitally deprived segments of society by channelizing the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF) for marginalized communities, **women** and persons with disabilities.
 +
 +The Draft National Policy for Women (NPW) 2016 acknowledges that the global growth in technology and information systems can have an impact on the general populace, and women in particular, in unique and different ways. ((para 1.4 in Section 1. Introduction, [[ https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/draft%20national%20policy%20for%20women%202016_0.pdf | National Policy for Women, 2016 ]] )) NPW also suggests that the growth in Information Technology (IT) has also resulted in new forms of sexual abuse against women including cyber crimes, harassment through mobile and internet, and that the regulatory frameworks are not yet in pace with technological growth happening currently. ((para 1.7 in Section 1. Introduction, [[ https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/draft%20national%20policy%20for%20women%202016_0.pdf | National Policy for Women, 2016 ]] )) NPW 2016 strives to encourage women’s participation in new and upcoming industries such as information based industries, telecommunications, etc. (( Section 5 (III) (Service Sector) (i) on p.10 [[ https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/draft%20national%20policy%20for%20women%202016_0.pdf | National Policy for Women, 2016 ]] )) NPW strategizes to collect gender-based data through mobile phones in order to inform policy prescriptions. (( Section 5 (III) (Science and Technology) (ii) on p.10 [[ https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/draft%20national%20policy%20for%20women%202016_0.pdf | National Policy for Women, 2016 ]] )) In order to encourage girl students/ women to enter into areas of ICT, NPW envisions institutionalization of enabling mechanisms. (( Section 5 (III) (Science and Technology) (v) on p.10 [[ https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/draft%20national%20policy%20for%20women%202016_0.pdf | National Policy for Women, 2016 ]] )) 
 +
 +<callout type="tip" icon="true"> Resources for understanding policy environment around gender in India:
 +
 +   - Policies related to gender and women can be found [[ https://wcd.nic.in/policie | here ]]
 +   - All gender related legislations of India can be accessed from [[ https://wcd.nic.in/act/2314 | here]]
 +   - Guidelines with regard to gender, and women in particular can be found [[ https://wcd.nic.in/act/2314 | here ]]
 +</callout> 
 +
 +=====Universal Service=====
 +
 +The [[ https://dot.gov.in/national-telecom-policy-1994 | New Telecom Policy (NTP) 1994 ]] , the first telecom policy statement of India, mentioned universal availability of basic telecom services to all villages as one of its objectives. (( Section 2, [[ https://dot.gov.in/national-telecom-policy-1994 | NTP, 1994]] )) However, a more concrete and clearer framework for Universal Service was seen in the [[ https://dot.gov.in/new-telecom-policy-1999 | New Telecommunication Policy (NTP), 1999]] : NTP 1999 had a section dedicated to the Universal Service Obligations (USO) . (( See Section 6.0, [[https://dot.gov.in/new-telecom-policy-1999 | NTP, 1999]] )) 
 +
 +<callout type="default" icon="true"> 
 +NTP 1999 explicitly mentioned Universal Service as an important objective:  //...Strive to provide a balance between the provision of universal service to all uncovered areas, including the rural areas, and the provision of high-level services capable of meeting the needs of the country's economy; Encourage development of telecommunication facilities in remote, hilly and tribal areas of the country // ((Reproduced from Section 2.0, [[ https://dot.gov.in/new-telecom-policy-1999 | NTP, 1999]] )) 
 +</callout>
 +
 +NTP 1999 provided that a ‘Universal Access Levy (UAL)’ be raised from all operators under various licences to meet the resource requirement for Universal Service Obligation (USO). ((Section 6.0,  [[ https://dot.gov.in/new-telecom-policy-1999 | NTP, 1999]] )). This levy is calculated as a percentage of the revenue earned by the operators, and this percentage is decided by the Government in consultation with TRAI. ((Section 6.0,  [[ https://dot.gov.in/new-telecom-policy-1999 | NTP, 1999]] )) At present, USO Levy is 5 percent of the AGR. ((Source: Section 18.2, [[https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/Unified%20Licence_0.pdf | License Agreement for Unified License]] ))
 +
 +To further the objective enshrined in NTP 1999, DoT issued the guidelines for ‘Universal Service Support Policy’ in 2002 ((http://usof.gov.in/usof-cms/usof-history.jsp )), and a Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF) was constituted. USOF was accorded statutory status through The Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Act 2003, and subsequently the rules for administration of USOF  known as Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Rules, 2004 were notified on 26.03.2004. ((https://dot.gov.in/universal-service-obligation-fund-usof )) 
 +
 +<callout type="default" icon="true">
 + Definition of Universal Service Obligations as per Indian Telegraph Act: //“Universal Service Obligation” means the obligation to provide access to telegraph services to people in the rural and remote areas at affordable and reasonable prices.//
 + </callout>
 +
 +NTP 2012 laid the foundation for National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN), which is considered to be the most prominent service supported by USO. NTP 2012 provided that the optical fibre network will be laid up to the Village Panchayat by funding from the USOF. ((para 1.3 in Section IV , p.8 of 20, [[ http://www.dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/NTP-06.06.2012-final.pdf | NTP 2012 ]] )) Accordingly, Indian Telegraph Rules 1951 was amended to insert a section on NOFN. (( [[ http://usof.gov.in/usof-cms/miscellaneous/Indian%20Telegraph%20Rules%202012.PDF | Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Rules, 2012 ]] ))
 +
 +NOFN is one example of a service supported by USOF. As per Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Rules 2004 (amended further in 2006 and 2008) , USOF supports a range of services segregated in six different streams. 
 +
 +**Table: Services Supported by USOF** ((Adapted from http://usof.gov.in/usof-cms/usof-stream.jsp ))
 +
 +^ Stream of Service^ Sub-Streams/ Explanations^ Key Projects under each stream and Link to the Project^ 
 +|Stream-I: Provision of Public Access Service| (a) Operation and Maintenance of Village Public Telephones (VPT) in the revenue villages identified as per Census 1991 and Installation of VPTs in the additional revenue villages as per Census 2001; (b) Provision of Rural Community Phones (RCPs) after achieving the target of one VPT in every revenue village where in a village the population is more than 2000 and no public call office (PCO) exists, a second public phone shall be installed;  (c) Replacement of Multi Access Radio Relay Technology (MARR) VPTs installed before the 1st day of April 2002| [[http://usof.gov.in/usof-cms/o-m-vpt.jsp| O&M of VPTs]], [[http://usof.gov.in/usof-cms/vpt-pahes-I.jsp | New VPTs Phase 1]], [[ http://usof.gov.in/usof-cms/vpt-pahes-II.jsp | New VPTs Phase 2]]; [[http://usof.gov.in/usof-cms/RCP.jsp | Rural Community Phones (RCPs) ]] |
 +|Stream-II: Provision of Household Telephones in Rural and Remote Areas as may be Determined by the Central Government from Time to Time| (a) For rural household Direct Exchange Lines (RDELs) installed prior to 1st day of April, 2002, support towards the difference in rental actually charged from rural subscribers and rent prescribed by Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) for such subscribers shall be reimbursed until such time the ADC prescribed by TRAI from time to time takes into account this difference. Also following the phasing out of the ADC Regime, support for a limited duration of three years for rural wire line RDELs installed prior to 01.04.02;  (b) Support for RDELs installed after the 1st day of April, 2002 | [[http://usof.gov.in/usof-cms/RDEL_P.jsp | RDELs prior to 1.04.02 ]]; [[http://usof.gov.in/usof-cms/RDEL_B.jsp | RDELs 1.04.03 to 31.03.05]]; [[http://usof.gov.in/usof-cms/RDEL_A_X.jsp | RDELs w.e.f. 31.03.05]] |
 +|Stream-III: Creation of Infrastructure for provision of Mobile Services in Rural and Remote Areas. | The assets constituting the infrastructure for provision of mobile services shall be determined by the Central Government from time to time.| [[http://usof.gov.in/usof-cms/Mobile_Infrasrure_Scheme.jsp | Mobile Infrastructure Phase 1 ]]; [[http://usof.gov.in/usof-cms/LWE.jsp | Left Wing Extremism (LWE) Areas]] ; [[http://usof.gov.in/usof-cms/amarnath.jsp | AmarNath]] |
 +|Stream-IV: Provision of Broadband Connectivity to rural & remote areas in a phased manner.|-|[[http://usof.gov.in/usof-cms/usof-wireline-broadband.jsp | Wireline Broadband ]]|
 +|Stream-V: Creation of General Infrastructure in Rural and Remote Areas for Development of Telecommunication facilities.| The items of general infrastructure to be taken up for development shall be determined by the Central Government from time to time.|[[http://usof.gov.in/usof-cms/OFC_Assam.jsp | CSC Wi-Fi Choupal ]]; [[http://usof.gov.in/usof-cms/OFC_Assam.jsp | OFC for Assam ]]; [[http://usof.gov.in/usof-cms/OFC_NE_I.jsp | OFC for NE I ]]; [[http://usof.gov.in/usof-cms/OFC_NE_II.jsp | OFC for NE II ]]; [[http://usof.gov.in/usof-cms/NOFN.jsp | National Optical Fibre Network with BBNL]]|
 +|Stream-VI: Induction of new technological developments in the telecom sector in Rural and Remote Areas| Pilot projects to establish new technological developments in the telecom sector, which can be deployed in the Rural and Remote Areas, may be supported with the approval of the Central Government.| [[http://usof.gov.in/usof-cms/SMCF.jsp | Solar Mobile Charging Facility (SMCF) ]]; [[http://usof.gov.in/usof-cms/usof-sanchar-shakti.jsp | Sanchar Shakti ]]
 +
 +
 +<callout type="danger" icon="true"> 
 +About 49 per cent of the USOF still remains unused. Based on the latest figures (As on 31.07.2021) total accretion is Rs. 119121.34 cr, total disbursement is Rs. 60840.80 cr. ,  Potentially available fund Rs. 58280.54 cr. ((Source: http://usof.gov.in/usof-cms/usof-fund-status-table.jsp ))
 +</callout>
  
-===== Universal Service ===== 
  
 ===== Cooperatives ===== ===== Cooperatives =====
 +
 +Cooperatives in India are not a new phenomenon: even though the formal cooperative structures came into existence post the passing of a law on cooperatives in 1904, the concept of cooperation and cooperative activities were already practiced in different regions of India. (( Section 44.1 of Chapter 44 [[ http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/Statistical_year_book_india_chapters/ch44.pdf | MOSPI Year Book ]] )) Cooperatives in India originally evolved in agriculture and allied sectors as a mechanism for pooling meager resources of people so that benefits of economies of scale could be availed. (( Para 1.1 in Section 1 of [[ https://mscs.dac.gov.in/Form/NatPolicy02.pdf | National Policy on Cooperatives ]] )). The legislative history of cooperatives in India can be divided into two parts: pre- Independence and post- Independence. The first attempt to institutionalize cooperatives was taken by the British-India Government through enacting the Cooperatives Credit Societies Act of 1904. The promulgation of this act is considered to be the formal introduction of the Cooperative Movement in India. (( Section 44.1 of Chapter 44 [[ http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/Statistical_year_book_india_chapters/ch44.pdf | MOSPI Year Book ]] )) The Cooperative Credit Societies Act of 1904 was replaced by a more comprehensive Cooperative Societies Act of 1912 which also expanded the scope of cooperatives. Till today, this act remains the primary legislation for cooperative societies in India.
 +
 +<callout type="tip" icon="true"> At present, in India a cooperative society can be formed under the provisions of [[ https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1912-02.pdf | Cooperative Societies Act, 1912]]  </callout>
 +
 +The subject of cooperation was transferred to the (then) provinces under Government of India Act of 1919, and cooperatives remained a provincial subject in the subsequent Government of India Act of 1935. (( Para 1.1 in Section 1 of [[ https://mscs.dac.gov.in/Form/NatPolicy02.pdf | National Policy on Cooperatives ]] )) 
 +
 +<callout type="default" icon="true">
 +In the present legal framework, the item “Cooperative Societies” appears under entry 32 of the State List of the Constitution of India. </callout>
 +
 +To administer cooperative societies having membership in more than one province, the British-India Government enacted the Multi-Unit Cooperative Societies Act, 1942. Post-Independence this act was replaced by the [[  http://www.bareactslive.com/ACA/act3609.htm#:~:text=An%20Act%20to%20consolidate%20and,in%20more%20than%20one%20State.&text=1.,-Short%20Title%2C%20Extent&text=%2D%20(1)%20This%20Act%20may,to%20the%20whole%20of%20India.| Multi-State Cooperative Societies Act of 1984]] under entry 44 of the  Union List, and further by the [[ https://mscs.dac.gov.in/Guidelines/GuidelineAct2002.pdf| Multi State Cooperative Societies Act, 2002]]. In the same year, a National Policy on Cooperatives was also brought out by the government for promotion and development of cooperatives.
 +
 +<callout type="default" icon="true">India’s [[ https://mscs.dac.gov.in/Form/NatPolicy02.pdf | National Policy on Cooperatives ]] follows the International Cooperative Alliance’s (ICA) definition of cooperatives: // “Cooperative is an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise” // </callout>
 +
 +With regard to constitutional provisions related to cooperatives, Part IX B of the Constitution of India contains provisions regarding the cooperatives working in India. Part IX- B was inserted through the Constitution (97th Amendment) Act, 2011. This amendment also added the word “cooperatives” after “unions and associations” in Article 19(1)( c ) under Part III of the Constitution. This means, the right to form cooperatives has the status of fundamental right in India. Further, a new article 43B was added through the said amendment in the Directive Principle of State Policy (DPSP): // “promotion of cooperative societies” //
 +
 +As cooperatives fall under the state list, each state in India has their own cooperative laws for governing cooperatives operating within the state. In the current legal framework, national cooperatives and cooperatives having multi-state operation are governed by the Central Act, whereas the cooperatives having the area of operation within the state are governed by the cooperative societies Act of the respective states. (( https://coops4dev.coop/en/4devasia/india )) Thus, to put simply, there are two different sets of legislations which establish the legal framework of cooperatives in India. They are:
 +  - Central Act: Multi-State Cooperative Societies Act, 2002
 +  - State laws for each of the 29 states. Example: Maharashtra has enacted ‘The Maharashtra Co-Operative Societies Act I960’
 +
 +For state cooperatives, a Cooperation Commissioner and the Registrar of Societies serves as the governing office of cooperatives, whereas for Multi-state cooperative societies  (MSCS), the Central Registrar of Societies is the controlling authority. However, in most cases on the ground the state registrar takes action on his behalf. (( https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-a-cooperation-ministry-7395784/ ))
 +
 +<callout type="default" icon="true">
 +Notably, India doesn’t have sector specific law for cooperatives.. This means that all types of cooperatives including agriculture, consumer credit, etc. are governed by a single law.  (( https://coops4dev.coop/en/4devasia/india )) </callout>
 +
 +In the most recent development around cooperatives in India, the ruling dispensation led by Narendra Modi has announced the creation of a separate ‘ Ministry of Cooperation’ for realizing the vision of “Sahkar se Samriddhi” i.e. prosperity through cooperation. (( https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1733225 )) According to the press release, this ministry will provide a separate administrative, legal and policy framework for strengthening the cooperative movement in the country,  and streamline processes for ‘Ease of doing business’ for co-operatives and enable development of Multi-State Co-operatives (MSCS)(( https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1733225 )) 
 +
 +<callout type="danger" icon="true"> UL and UL(VNO) can be applied by Indian companies except for Access Service Cat B authorisation under UL(VNO) which can be applied for by Indian  companies, partnership firm, proprietorship firm, Shops and establishment and legal person. (( [[https://saralsanchar.gov.in/circular/licenses_issued/UL_FAQ.pdf | See (3) UL FAQ]] )) Thus, in the current unified telecom licensing regime in India, only a company registered under the Companies Act, 2013 can apply for an ISP- A, ISP-B, or ISP-C authorization. 
 +</callout>
  
 ===== Resources / References ===== ===== Resources / References =====
 +| [TWITTER:USER:TRAI:4]  | [TWITTER:USER:dot_India:4]  |
  
 == Coding examples == == Coding examples ==
Line 276: Line 431:
  
 ---- struct data ---- ---- struct data ----
 +countryprofile.regName : Telecom Regulatory Authority of India
 +countryprofile.regAcronym : TRAI
 +countryprofile.regUrl : https://trai.gov.in/
 +countryprofile.regTwitter : https://twitter.com/TRAI
 +countryprofile.regEmail : ap@trai.gov.in
 +countryprofile.minName : Department of Telecommunications, Ministry of Communications
 +countryprofile.minAcronym : DoT
 +countryprofile.minUrl : http://dot.gov.in/
 +countryprofile.minTwitter : https://twitter.com/dot_India
 +countryprofile.minEmail : mosc-office@gov.in
 ---- ----