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country-profiles:india [2021/08/31 07:56] – [Table] Policy_Raj | country-profiles:india [2021/09/15 07:44] – [Cooperatives] Policy_Raj | ||
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** Table: Internet Exchange Points in India** (( Adapted from https:// | ** Table: Internet Exchange Points in India** (( Adapted from https:// | ||
- | ^ Name of IXP | + | ^ Name of IXP^ Website ^ Locations^ |
- | | NIXI | http:// | + | |NIXI| http:// |
- | | Mumbai IX | + | |Mumbai IX|https:// |
- | | Extreme IX | https:// | + | |Extreme IX|https:// |
- | | AMS-IX India | https:// | + | |AMS-IX India| https:// |
- | | IIFON | + | |IIFON| http:// |
- | | BharatIX | + | |BharatIX| https:// |
Of the IXPs listed above, | Of the IXPs listed above, | ||
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===== Gender ===== | ===== Gender ===== | ||
+ | India has a stark gender divide when it comes to accessing the internet. According to [[ https:// | ||
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+ | Some of the policies brought out by the Government have tried to address this issue of digital gender divide. The National Digital Communication Policy (NDCP) 2018 lists down a ‘Connect India’ strategy which provides for inclusion of uncovered areas and digitally deprived segments of society by channelizing the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF) for marginalized communities, | ||
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+ | The Draft National Policy for Women (NPW) 2016 acknowledges that the global growth in technology and information systems can have an impact on the general populace, and women in particular, in unique and different ways. ((para 1.4 in Section 1. Introduction, | ||
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+ | - Policies related to gender and women can be found [[ https:// | ||
+ | - All gender related legislations of India can be accessed from [[ https:// | ||
+ | - Guidelines with regard to gender, and women in particular can be found [[ https:// | ||
+ | </ | ||
=====Universal Service===== | =====Universal Service===== | ||
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===== Cooperatives ===== | ===== Cooperatives ===== | ||
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+ | Cooperatives in India are not a new phenomenon: even though the formal cooperative structures came into existence post the passing of a law on cooperatives in 1904, the concept of cooperation and cooperative activities were already practiced in different regions of India. (( Section 44.1 of Chapter 44 [[ http:// | ||
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+ | The subject of cooperation was transferred to the (then) provinces under Government of India Act of 1919, and cooperatives remained a provincial subject in the subsequent Government of India Act of 1935. (( Para 1.1 in Section 1 of [[ https:// | ||
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+ | In the present legal framework, the item “Cooperative Societies” appears under entry 32 of the State List of the Constitution of India. </ | ||
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+ | To administer cooperative societies having membership in more than one province, the British-India Government enacted the Multi-Unit Cooperative Societies Act, 1942. Post-Independence this act was replaced by the [[ http:// | ||
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+ | With regard to constitutional provisions related to cooperatives, | ||
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+ | As cooperatives fall under the state list, each state in India has their own cooperative laws for governing cooperatives operating within the state. In the current legal framework, national cooperatives and cooperatives having multi-state operation are governed by the Central Act, whereas the cooperatives having the area of operation within the state are governed by the cooperative societies Act of the respective states. (( https:// | ||
+ | - Central Act: Multi-State Cooperative Societies Act, 2002 | ||
+ | - State laws for each of the 29 states. Example: Maharashtra has enacted ‘The Maharashtra Co-Operative Societies Act I960’ | ||
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+ | For state cooperatives, | ||
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+ | Notably, India doesn’t have sector specific law for cooperatives.. This means that all types of cooperatives including agriculture, | ||
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+ | In the most recent development around cooperatives in India, the ruling dispensation led by Narendra Modi has announced the creation of a separate ‘ Ministry of Cooperation’ for realizing the vision of “Sahkar se Samriddhi” i.e. prosperity through cooperation. (( https:// | ||
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+ | </ | ||
===== Resources / References ===== | ===== Resources / References ===== | ||
+ | | [TWITTER: | ||
== Coding examples == | == Coding examples == |