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country-profiles:india [2021/08/31 07:55] – [Table] Policy_Rajcountry-profiles:india [2021/09/15 07:36] – [Gender] Policy_Raj
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 ** Table: Internet Exchange Points in India** (( Adapted from https://innog.net/resources/ixps/)) ** Table: Internet Exchange Points in India** (( Adapted from https://innog.net/resources/ixps/))
  
-^ Name of IXP   ^ Website                      ^ Locations                                                                      ^ +^ Name of IXP^ Website ^ Locations^                                                                      
-| NIXI          | http://nixi.in               | Noida, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad and Guwahati  | +|NIXI| http://nixi.in| Noida, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad and Guwahati| 
-| Mumbai IX     |  https://www.mumbai-ix.net   | Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata                                            | +|Mumbai IX|https://www.mumbai-ix.net| Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata|                                           
-| Extreme IX    | https://extreme-ix.org       | Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Chennai and Kolkata                                  | +|Extreme IX|https://extreme-ix.org| Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Chennai and Kolkata| 
-| AMS-IX India  |  https://www.ams-ix.net /in  | Mumbai                                                                         | +|AMS-IX India| https://www.ams-ix.net /in| Mumbai|                                                                         
-| IIFON         | http://iifon.org             | Kolkata                                                                        | +|IIFON| http://iifon.org| Kolkata|                                                                      
-| BharatIX      | https://www.bharatix.net     |                                                                         Mumbai |+|BharatIX| https://www.bharatix.net| Mumbai|                                                                  
  
 Of the IXPs listed above,  National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI) was set up by the government. It  was set up in 2003 //for peering of ISPs among themselves for the purpose of routing the domestic traffic within the country, instead of taking it all the way to US/Abroad, thereby resulting in better quality of service (reduced latency) and reduced bandwidth charges for ISPs by saving on International Bandwidth.// ((Reproduced from https://www.nixi.in/en/about-us )) Of the IXPs listed above,  National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI) was set up by the government. It  was set up in 2003 //for peering of ISPs among themselves for the purpose of routing the domestic traffic within the country, instead of taking it all the way to US/Abroad, thereby resulting in better quality of service (reduced latency) and reduced bandwidth charges for ISPs by saving on International Bandwidth.// ((Reproduced from https://www.nixi.in/en/about-us ))
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 ===== Gender ===== ===== Gender =====
 +India has a stark gender divide when it comes to accessing the internet. According to [[ https://images.assettype.com/afaqs/2021-06/b9a3220f-ae2f-43db-a0b4-36a372b243c4/KANTAR_ICUBE_2020_Report_C1.pdf | Kantar ICUBE 2020 Report on Internet Adoption in India]] , there are overall 622 million active internet users (AIU) in India. Out of which 58 per cent are male and remaining 42 per cent are females. The divide is almost the same in rural and urban India: In rural India, the ratio between male to female internet users is 57:43, whereas for urban areas this ratio is 58:42. 
 +
 +Some of the policies brought out by the Government have tried to address this issue of digital gender divide. The National Digital Communication Policy (NDCP) 2018 lists down a ‘Connect India’ strategy which provides for inclusion of uncovered areas and digitally deprived segments of society by channelizing the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF) for marginalized communities, **women** and persons with disabilities.
 +
 +The Draft National Policy for Women (NPW) 2016 acknowledges that the global growth in technology and information systems can have an impact on the general populace, and women in particular, in unique and different ways. ((para 1.4 in Section 1. Introduction, [[ https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/draft%20national%20policy%20for%20women%202016_0.pdf | National Policy for Women, 2016 ]] )) NPW also suggests that the growth in Information Technology (IT) has also resulted in new forms of sexual abuse against women including cyber crimes, harassment through mobile and internet, and that the regulatory frameworks are not yet in pace with technological growth happening currently. ((para 1.7 in Section 1. Introduction, [[ https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/draft%20national%20policy%20for%20women%202016_0.pdf | National Policy for Women, 2016 ]] )) NPW 2016 strives to encourage women’s participation in new and upcoming industries such as information based industries, telecommunications, etc. (( Section 5 (III) (Service Sector) (i) on p.10 [[ https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/draft%20national%20policy%20for%20women%202016_0.pdf | National Policy for Women, 2016 ]] )) NPW strategizes to collect gender-based data through mobile phones in order to inform policy prescriptions. (( Section 5 (III) (Science and Technology) (ii) on p.10 [[ https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/draft%20national%20policy%20for%20women%202016_0.pdf | National Policy for Women, 2016 ]] )) In order to encourage girl students/ women to enter into areas of ICT, NPW envisions institutionalization of enabling mechanisms. (( Section 5 (III) (Science and Technology) (v) on p.10 [[ https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/draft%20national%20policy%20for%20women%202016_0.pdf | National Policy for Women, 2016 ]] )) 
 +
 +<callout type="tip" icon="true"> Resources for understanding policy environment around gender in India:
 +
 +   - Policies related to gender and women can be found [[ https://wcd.nic.in/policie | here ]]
 +   - All gender related legislations of India can be accessed from [[ https://wcd.nic.in/act/2314 | here]]
 +   - Guidelines with regard to gender, and women in particular can be found [[ https://wcd.nic.in/act/2314 | here ]]
 +</callout> 
  
 =====Universal Service===== =====Universal Service=====
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 ===== Resources / References ===== ===== Resources / References =====
 +| [TWITTER:USER:TRAI:4]  | [TWITTER:USER:dot_India:4]  |
  
 == Coding examples == == Coding examples ==